Small Mosques And Tombs - Abbasids

 Although popular, the hypostyle mosque was not the only type of mosque built during this period. At Nayriz in Iran, for example, the prayer all of the mosque consists of a single barrel vault, open at the end, a type of space known as Iwan. Iwan has been used for centuries in Iranian architecture, but no earlier mosques incorporating them are known. 

Single barrel Vault

The early date of the Nayriz mosque is suggested by an inscription in the mihrab which mentions that the mosque had been built in 973/974, repaired in 1067/68, and repaired again in 1164/65. some scholar believes that small, domed cubes also served as a mosque in early Islamic Iran. The updated doomed mosques at Yazd-i Khwast and Qurwa, for example, maybe older buildings that have been converted into mosques.

Yazd-i Khwast and Qurwa

In addition to Friday mosques meant to serve the entire community, there was also a smaller mosque built to serve smaller segments. At Siraf, for example, at least 10 small mosques, ranging in size between 320 and 1100 square feet, were found in residential quarters of the site. Most of these were simple rectangular structures entered through a yard divided by an arcade that supported the roof. Three of them are staircase minaret, an early type known from the Umayyad period.

From archeological evidence, the most widespread type of small mosque was a square structure with four internal columns and piers supporting nine domes. This type is found from Spain to central Asia. One of the best examples of nine domed mosques is found at Balkh. The building is square and measures 66 feet on each side. The walls are built of baked brick, but all of the nine domes they originally supported have fallen. The glory of the building is its decoration.

Other buildings erected in the provinces during this period were tombs, which are known from textual sources and monumental remains. Tombs were also built for local rulers. The earliest complete example to survive is the tomb of Samanids at Bukhara. Tombs were also erected in Egypt.

Ince Minaret Madrasa - Seljuk Period-Architecture in Turkey

         Ince Minare Madrasa

Ince Minare Madrasa is the 13th-century Madrasa located in Konya. Ince Minare Madrasa is One of the famous Architecture in Turkey. Ince Madrasa is built between 1260 to 165 CE by Seljuk Sultan Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali. The architect of Madrasa was the kelul ibn Abdallah. It is the most attractive architecture in Turkey. The Ince Minare Madrasa takes its name from the Its Tall Minare. The Minare of Madrasa is extremely much taller than the building.

The facade of the Building has highly ornamented with stone which includes geometric Patterns, Some relief work, and verticle lines. The entrance of the building is decorated with Thuluth, surah 36, and surah 110. The Minare of the Building has square-shaped from the lower part and round shape from the upper part. The lower part of the Minare was made up of Brick and the color was green. The minaret has two balconies and was built for the adjoining mosque, which preceded the Madrasa now ruined.

The Qibla side of the Mosque contains the prayer hall. Besides this, there is a huge hall covered with a huge decorative Dome. The dome of the madrasa is supported on the sets of four triangular pendentives but without tiles. The minaret was truncated by lighting in 1901.

The Ince madrasa has a T-shaped plan. The portal of the Mosque framed with broadband of calligraphy. The Madrasa was built in a rectangular area. The rooms of the Madrasa are arranged on the north, south, and west sides of a domed courtyard.

Ince Minaret is one of the dominant architecture in Turkey. The decorative work in the Madrasa takes place in the Entrance, the courtyard dome, and the walls of the rooms facing the courtyard. The portal and the foundations of the minaret are decorated with carved stone by using floral and geometric motifs. The decoration of the windows' tympana above the entrances to the students' chambers, the base of the dome, and the triangles making up the fan-shaped pendentives, consist of inscriptions and floral and geometric motifs executed in tile-mosaic. The geometric decoration on the body of the minaret and on the surface of the dome is achieved with both glazed and unglazed brickwork.

The Madrasa was converted into a Museum of Stonework in 1956.

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Mosque of Ala ad-Din - Seljuk Period - Arts and Architecture

 Mosque of Ala ad-Din - Seljuk Period 

Ala ad-Din Mosque is the earliest structure built at the Seljuk capital. Mosque of Ala ad-Din situated in Konya, Turkey. The construction of the Mosque began during the period of Sultan Masud I and was completed during the period of the sultan Ala-ad Din keykubad.

The Mosque of Ala ad-Din was constructed in the stage between the 12th and mid 13th centuries in Seljuk Periods. The Architect of the Mosque was Muhammad bin Halvan al -Dimsiki.

 Mosque of Ala ad-Din Features:

• The mosque has two prayer halls.
• Towards the north, the prayer hall is a wide courtyard.
• To the western part of the south, where QIbla is located, is thicker than the eastern part.
• The eastern part of the prayer hall has seven aisles isolated by six rows of columns that are unique from one another.
• Both western and eastern regions of the prayer hall have columns that are connected by pointed arches and both are covered with a flat roof.
  
• The western part of the mosque has significantly more irregular design because columns were added to the west of the bay in front of the Mihrab, simply like the case of the east of the mosque, where the irregularity of the piers also points to repairs.
• Traces of brick arches observed in the east and west walls in a north-south direction give the impression that these walls were shaped by closing off arches.
• The present horizontal lines of arches sometimes end at piers or sometimes in the middle of arches on the west and east.
  
• This is viewed as a sign that the eastern part had aisles running perpendicular to the Qibla wall.
• There is two gateway at the north end of the mosque.
• The pointed arch of the eastern portal is mounted by a knotwork motif in bi-colored marble.
  

• The facade and the columns nices on it were built during the reign of Ala-ad din keykubad I.
• The wooden minbar, executed using the Kund e Kari technique.
• The Mihrab decorated in tile mosaic.

• This is a complicated building because of the numerous additions and repairs.
• There are two monumental tombs in the courtyard. 
• One was built during the reign of Kilic Arslan II. And the other one was built during the reign of keykavus I.
• The structure was initially worked as a mosque and is still used as a place of worship

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Islamic Architecture Influences

 Influences of Islamic Architecture

• Islamic Architecture emerged soon After Muhammad's S.A.W.W. time, which was inspired by the Byzantine and Sassanid.
• One of the most important buildings of Islamic Architecture is The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem build in 691.

  

  The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem built in 691
  
  
  

• It is patterned after the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and Byzantine  Chritirstin artists were employed to create ita elaborate mosaic against the golden background.
• The extraordinary epigraphic vine frieze was adjusted from the Pre-Islamic Syrian Style.
• The Dome of the Rock featured interior vaulted spaces, a round dome, and the utilization of stylized repeating decorative arabesque patterns.
• Desert palaces in Jordan and Syria served the caliphs as living quarters, meeting rooms and showers, and were decorated to promote an image of royal luxury.
• The horseshoe arch became a well-known component in Islamic structures

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  Horseshoe Arch

  
  
• It said that the adopted it from Syria and Persia where the horseshoe arch has been used by the Byzantines as early as the 5th century.
• After the Moorish intrusion of Spain in 711 AD, the form was taken by the Umayyads who emphasized the curvature of the horseshoe.
• The Great Mosque of Damascus based on the site of the basilica of John the Baptist after the Islamic invasion of Damascus, a still incredible similarity to 6th and 7th-century Christian basilicas.
• Certain modifications were executed, including extending the structure along the transversal axis which is a better fit with the Islamic style of prayer.
• The Abbasid dynasty witnessed the movement of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad, and from Bagdad to Samara.
• The shift to Baghdad influenced politics, culture, and art.
• The great mosque of Samarra, once the biggest in the world, was built for the new capital.
• Other major mosques built in the Abbasid architecture in Iraq as exemplified in the Fortress of AL-Ukhaidir.
• The Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia is viewed as the precursor of the considerable number of mosques in the western Islamic world.
• Its original marble columns and sculptures were of Roman workmanship brought in form Carthage and other elements resemble Roman form.
• It is one of the best-preserved and most significant examples of early great mosques, founded in 670 A.D.
• The Great Mosque of Kairouan is comprised of a massive square Minrate,  a huge courtyard surrounded by porticos, and a large hypostyle prayer hall covered on its axis by two cupolas.
• The great mosque of Samara in Iraq, completed in 474 AD, combined the hypostyle architecture.

  

  Great Mosque of Kairouan
  
  

• The Hagia Sophia in Istanbul also influenced by Islamic Architecture. When Ottomans conquered the city from Byzantine., they converted the Basilica to the Mosque.
• The Hagia Sophia also served the model of many mosques e.g. Shehzad Mosque, The Suleman Mosque, and  The Rustom Pasha mosque.

  

  
  Hagia Sophia
  

   
• Domes are the major structure of Islamic Arts and Architecture.
• The dome first appears in 691 in Islamic Architecture.
• Motifs of Islamic Architecture have always been the mathematical themes of repetition, rhythmic, and patterns. 
• other features are included Colounms, piers, arches, and niches.

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Islamic Arts And Architecture

  

Islamic Arts and Architecture

                                                            

                               

Islamic Architecture encloses a wide number of both religious and non-religion styles from the beginning of Islam to today. Islamic Architecture owes origin to the Roman, Byzantine, and Persia which Muslims conquered in the 7th and 8th centuries. In addition, It was also influenced by Chinese and Indian architecture as Islam spread to South Asia.

 

Types of Islamic Architecture :

• The Mosque.
• The Palace.
• The Tomb.
• The Fort.

Islamic Arts and Architecture derived from these Architectural structures. Also used in Other structures Which Included :

• Fountains
• Public Baths
• Domestic Architecture.

There are different symbols and Characteristics of Islamic Architecture that are different from the other Architectures of the world.

 

The Mosque :

                        Mosques are the masterpieces of Islamic Arts and Architecture. The mosque is the Place where Muslims worship Allah and five-time Pray in a day. It is also called "Masjid".

Mosques often have at least minaret, Mehrab, Dome. Muslims build many famous Mosques in the history of Islamic Arts and Architecture. The Dome of Rock was the first mosque built by Muslims. It was the first Qibla of Muslims.

The Blue Mosque, Hagia Sophia, Sulemanyea Mosque are the best examples of Islamic Arts and Architecture.

Blue Mosque in Istanbul

 
Hagia Sophia

The Palace :

                    Palace is a large and impressive structure. This style of architecture developed during the Dark Ages, especially in Spain. Islamic Architects built structures surrounded by Gardens.

Al Hambra Palace, Ali Qapu Palace, Topkapi Palace are the Masterpieces of Islamic Arts and Architecture.

Al Hambra Palace, Spain

Topkapi Palace, Turkey

The Tomb :

                      The tomb is the monument to the memory of a dead person, typically a large vault. The tomb of Islamic rulers was generally Lavishly decorated and had expensive materials like marble and sandstone clad over it.

Taj Mahal, Humayun's Tomb, Jahangir Tomb are the great examples of the tomb in Islamic Arts and Architecture.

Taj Mahal, India

Humayun's tomb

The Fort:

             Fort is a  fortified building or strategic position that's made strong and secure enough to be defended during a war.

Lahore fort also knows as Shahi Qila and Red fort Also knows as Lal Qila is the best masterpiece of Indo-Islamic Architecture. Most of the Forts are Built in the Mughal Period.

Red Fort India

Fountains :

A fountain is a piece of architecture that pours water into a basin in the air to supply drinking water and for bathing and washing to the residents of cities, towns, and villages.  

Shalimar Garden, Fountains of Ahmed, and The Fountain of the Court of Lions are some examples of Fountains in Islamic Arts and Architecture.

Public Baths :

                        The public bath is also known as "Hammam". The tradition of baths

spread throughout Islamic society from the 7th century. To conclude, Islamic Architecture known for its Beautiful Architecture, Features, and Characteristics.

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